句子成分(Members of a Sentence)
什么叫句子成分呢？句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)和补语（complement）。
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
英语五种基本句型列式如下：
一：ＳＶ（主＋谓）
二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）
三：ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）
四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
基本句型一：ＳＶ（主＋谓）
主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！
谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come.
此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
Ｓ│Ｖ（不及物动词）
1. The sun │was shining. 太阳在照耀着。
2. The moon │rose. 月亮升起了。
3. The universe │remains. 宇宙长存。
4. We all │breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。
5. Who │cares? 管它呢？
6. What he said │does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。
7. They │talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。
8. The pen │writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。
基本句型二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）
此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好,soundnice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smellbad/难闻
Ｓ│Ｖ（是系动词）│Ｐ
1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。
2. The dinner │smells │good. 午餐的气味很好。
3. He │fell │in love. 他堕入了情网。
4. Everything │looks │different. 一切看来都不同了。
5. He │is growing │tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮
6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。
7. Our well │has gone │dry. 我们井干枯了。
8. His face │turned │red. 他的脸红了。
There be 结构： There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。
此结构后跟名词，表示‘（存在）有某事物’
试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩。）/前一个there无实意，后一个there为副词‘那里’。
基本句型三：ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）
此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’，如：me，him，them等
Ｓ│Ｖ（及物动词）│Ｏ
1. Who │knows │the answer? 谁知道答案？
2. She │smiled │herthanks. 她微笑表示感谢。
3. He │has refused │to helpthem. 他拒绝帮他们。
4. He │enjoys │reading. 他喜欢看书。
5. They │ate │what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。
6. He │said │"Good morning." 他说："早上好！"
7. I │want │to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。
8. He │admits │that hewas mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。
基本句型四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea,please.
强调间接宾语顺序为：动词+ 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：
Show this house to Mr.Smith.
若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me,please.
Ｓ│Ｖ（及物）│ｏ（多指人）│Ｏ（多指物）
1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。
2. She │cooked │herhusband │a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。
3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。
4. He │denies │her │nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。
5. I │showed │him │my pictures. 我给他看我的照片
6. I │gave │my car │a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。
7. I │told │him │that thebus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。
8. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。
基本句型五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。
名词/代词宾格 + 名词
The war made him a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士.
名词/代词宾格 + 形容词
New methods make the job easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松.
名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语
I often find him at work./我经常发现他在工作.
名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式
The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户.
名词/代词宾格 + 分词
I saw a cat running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.
Ｓ│Ｖ（及物）│Ｏ（宾语）│Ｃ（宾补）
1. They │appointed │him │manager. 他们任命他当经理。
2. They │painted │the door │green. 他们把门漆成绿色
3. This │set │them │thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。
4. They │found │the house │deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住。
5. What │makes │him │think so? 他怎么会这样想？
6. We │saw │him │out. 我们送他出去
7. He │asked │me │to comeback soon. 他要我早点回来。
8. I │saw │them │getting onthe bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。
但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。我们称之为：定语、状语
一、定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
形容词作定语：
The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen.）/小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。
Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。
There is a good boy./有个乖男孩。
数词作定语相当于形容词：
Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。
The two boys are students./这两个男孩是学生。
There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。
代词或名词所有格作定语：
His boy needs Tom\"s pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。
His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。
There are two boys of Toms there./那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。
介词短语作定语：
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。
The boy in blue is Tom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。
名词作定语：
The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。
It is a ball pen./这是一支圆珠笔。
There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。
副词作定语：
The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom。
不定式作定语：
The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The boy to write this letter is Tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。
There is nothing to do today./今天无事要做。
分词（短语）作定语：
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。
The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。
There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。
定语从句：
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you boughtyesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。
The boy you will know is Tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。
There are five boys who will play the game./参加游戏的男孩有五个。
二、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。
状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。
有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘（此时in the classroom为girl的定语），也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’（此时in the classroom为地点状语），最好写作‘In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.\"
副词（短语）作状语：
The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）
The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置）
The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）
The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./Theboy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（时间状语）
介词短语作状语：Inthe classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）
Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)
On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)
分词（短语）作状语：
He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）
Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）
Frightened,he sits there soundlessly./（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语）
不定式作状语：
The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）
To make his dream come true,Tom becomes veryinterested in business./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.
名词作状语：
Come this way!/走这条路！（方向状语）
状语从句：
时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句
、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句
三、同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：
We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）
We all are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’）
四、独立成分：有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独立结构)。
感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。
肯定词yes
否定词no
称呼语：称呼人的用语。
插入语：一些句中插入的I think , I believe,等。
如: Thestory,I think,has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结束.
情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly当然，等。
五、分词独立结构：分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。
错句：Studyinghard,your score will go up.
正确：(1)Studying hard,you can make your score go up.
或 (2)If you study hard,your score will goup.
解析：错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语，则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，既your score . 显然做study的应是人，不应是your score（分数）. 正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致(同为you );正确句(2)则使用条件分句带出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了). 分词独立结构常省略being,havingbeen.不过‘There being...’的场合不能省略.
Game (being) over,he went home.
He stands there,book (being) in hand. 独立结构还可用with、without引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。
With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon./无事可做，他很快就睡着了。
The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose./老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。（注意，此句on his nose不可省略！）
句子成分练习题(一)
(一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词（4分， 4分钟）
① The teacher with two of his students is walking intothe classroom.
② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today"s homework without the teacher"s help isvery difficult.
(二) 选出句中谓语的中心词（10分， 10分钟）
① I don"t like the picture on the wall.
A. don"t B. like C. picture D. wall
② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A. get B. longer C. days D. summer
③ Do you usually go to school by bus?
A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus
④ There will be a meeting at the library thisafternoon.
A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon
⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?
A.DidB. twins C. have D. breakfast
⑥ Tom didn"t do his homework yesterday.
A. TomB. didn"t C. do D. his homework
⑦ What I want to tell you is this.
A. wantB. to tell C. you D. is
⑧ We had better send for a doctor.
A. WeB. had C. send D. doctor
⑨ He is interested in music.
A. isB. interested C. in D. music
⑩ Whom did you give my book to?
A. giveB.did C. whom D. book
(三) 挑出下列句中的宾语（10分，10分钟）
① My brother hasn"t done his homework.
② People all over the world speak English.
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
④ How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to goswimming, how about you?⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said hewas ill.
⑦ They made him monitor of the class.
⑧ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum onthe left.
⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school.
⑩ They didn"t know who "Father Christmas" really is.
(四) 挑出下列句中的表语（5分， 5分钟）
① The old man was feeling very tired.
② Why is he worried about Jim?
③ The leaves have turned yellow.
④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.
⑤ She was the first to learn about it.
(五) 挑出下列句中的定语（6分，6分钟）
① They use Mr, Mrswith the family name.
② What is your given name?
③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!
(六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语（6分， 6分钟）
① She likes the children to read newspapers and booksin the reading-room.
② He asked her to take the boy out of school.
③ She found it difficult to do the work.
④ They call me Lily sometimes.
⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.
⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on theplayground just now?
(七) 挑出下列句中的状语（8分， 8分钟）
① There was a big smile on her face.
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.
④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.
⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurriedoff.
⑥ She loves the library because she loves books.
⑦ I am afraid that if you"ve lost it, you must pay forit.
⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the othermachine.
(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语（5分， 5分钟）
① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.
④ Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.
⑤ Did he leave any message for me?
答案
(一)① teacher ② man ③ dictionary ④ To do
(二)① B② A③ C ④ A ⑤ C ⑥ C ⑦ D ⑧ C⑨ A⑩ A
(三)①homework.②English.③attention ④words ⑤to go swimming⑥he wasill.⑦himmonitor ⑧bridge museum⑨it
school. ⑩who"FatherChristmas"really is.
(四)①tired. ②worried ③yellow. ④interested ⑤the first
(五)①family②given③third ④some⑤downstairs⑥of theother shoe!
(六)①to read newspapersand books ②to take the boy ③difficult ④Lily ⑤geton the bus ⑥playingfootball
(七)①onher face. ②Every night ③when hewas eleven.
④toofast. ⑤With themedicine box under her arm ⑥becauseshe loves books. ⑦if you’velost it ⑧to seethe other machine.
(八)① us, 间接宾语a story, 直接宾语
② me, 间接宾语 a new bike, 直接宾语③ us, 间接宾语 history, 直接宾语
④ Tom, 间接宾语 it, 直接宾语⑤ me, 间接宾语 message, 直接宾语
句子成分练习题(二)
指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分：
1.Whether we’llgo dependon the weather .
2. People’sstandards of living are going up steadily .
3. That washow they were defeated.
4.The nurserytakes good care of our children .
5.I’ll return thebook to you tomorrow .
6.We are sure thatwe shall succeed .
7.The woman witha baby in her arms is his other .
8.There are manyfilm that I’d like to see.
9.Have you metthe person about whom he was speaking ?
10.I have a lotof work to do .
11.Anyway I won’t stop you from doing it .
12.I said it in fun .
13.We can send a car over to fetch you .
14.She had to work standing up .
15.Seeing this ,some comrades became veryworried .
16.Much interested , he agreed to give it a try.
17.The bus arrived ten minutes late .
18.We should serve the people heart and soul.
19.Spring coming on , the tree turned green .
20.Some farmers saw something strange in the sky.
21.We think it necessary that everyone should attendthe meeting .22.It’s strange that she doesn’t come today .
23.It was in the library that I come today .
24.He likes drawing at times when he isn’t working .
25.We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lockthe door.
句子成分练习题(三)
A
1、 ___ six years since I began to studyEnglish.
A. It is B. I have been C. There are D. It was
2 、___ in the room at that time.A. Nobody was B. Someone were C. Who is D. He are
3 、IT"S very noisy outside. ___ is going on?A. Who B. What C. Which D. Where
4、 ___ in English in class every day isimportant.A. Speak B. Talking C. Saying D. To tell
5 、There must be____ near the factory.A. a book store B. book store C. books store D. books stores
6 、Although it"s raining hard, ___ are stillworking in the fields.A. but they B. and they C. they D. since theyB
1、 The doctor as well as the nurses ___ greatconcern for the patients.A. show B. shows C. have shown D. are showing
2、 Your son must be a clever boy, ___ he?A. is B. isn"t C. must D. mustn"t
3、 The computer center, ___ last year, is very popularamong students in this school.A. open B. opening C. opened D. beingopened
4 、I ___ go to the shop today, for there is a lot of foodat home.A. mustn"t B. had to C. can"t D. needn"t
5 、Don"t ___ excited.A. get B. is C. seem D. look
6 This room ___ every morning.A. is cleaning B. is cleaned C. cleans D. cleaningC
1、 Glad to meet you! ___ is your full name?A. What B. Where C. How D. Who
2、 He is ___ to lift the heavy box.A. too weak B. weak tooC. enough weak D. weak enough
3、 The days are ___ warmer and warmer inspring.A. getting B. looking C. seeming D. going
4 、His job is____English.A. teach B. to teach C. taught D. teaches
5 、Two balls are___.A. under the desk B. in the wall C. to here D. at desksD
1 、We should get ready___ others.A. helping B. to help C. help D. help with
2、 ___interesting work we are doing?A. What a B. How C. What D. What an
3、 I want___ a teacher when I grow up (-fx;fc).A. to be B. to C. be D. being
4、 -Would you like to go on a picnic with me today?-I don"t think so. To be honest, I really don"t feel like___on apicnic.A. going B. to go C. go D. went
5 Do youknow___?A. where does he live B. where he livesC. where he live D. if where he lives
6 Let ____ do it again.A. I B. me C. he D. she
7 I don"t know___.A. how to do B. what to do C. where to do D. when to doE
1、 I saw him ___ basketball with Jack an hour ago.A. plays B. to play C. played D. play o
2、 Sorry, we"ve kept you___ for a long time.A. waited B. sing C. stand D. waiting
3 、The teacher told us ____ late again.A. aren"t be B. don"t be C. not to be D. not be
4 、We find the room very___.A. warm B. warmly C. terribly D. hardlyF
1 、I found ___ difficult to work together withhim.A. it B. its C. that D. those
2 、We all know ___ our duty to clean our classroom afterschool every day.A. that B. this C. which D. it
3、 He found ___ very interesting to play with the littledog.A. what B. it C. / D. thatG
( ) 1 Tom said he ___ a good dream yesterday evening.A. dream B. dreamed C. have D. has
( ) 2 Children ___ a happy life in
China.A. lead B. living C. has D. leadingH
( ) 1
America,
Japanand
Canadaare___countries.A. developing B. developed C. less developed D. develop
( ) 2 -___ skirt is that on the chair?-Let me see. Oh, no, it"s not mine.A. Whose B. What C. Who"s D. Which
( ) 3 Do you have anything ___?A. saying B. to^ay C. said D. say
( ) 4 Look, there is an___tree by the wall.A. apple B. apple"s C. apples" D. apples
( ) 5 Where is____seat?A. yours B. your C. you D. yourselvesI
( ) 1 The box is ___ heavy for her ___ carry.A. very; to B. too; not toC. too; to D. very too; to
2 -___ did youbuy the new bag?-Last Monday.A. Where B. How C. When D. Who
3 You can seethese signs in a hospital. ___ can you see them?A. Where else B. Where place elseC. Where else place D. Else where
4 They went out___ their old friends.A. visit B. visiting C. to visit D. visited
5 There is awide river____ our village.A. outside B. over C. from D. belowJ
1 The youngman, ___ works in the office.A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me
2 Our English teacher, ___ often helps us with study.A. Mrs Wang B. Mrs5 WangC. MrsWang"s . D. of him
3 ___, somerailway workers are busy repairing the train.A. Them B. He C. They D. Theirs
A . 1-6 A A B B A CB. 1-6 B B C D A B C. 1-5 AA A B AD. 1-7 B C A A B B B E. 1-4 D D C A F. 1-3 A D B G. 1-2 B AH. 1-5 B A B A B I .1-5 C C A C A J.1-3 B A C
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